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@@ -441,42 +441,42 @@ More details in design and implementation can be found in late posts.</p>
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<h2 id="why-do-we-need-training-on-edge">Why do we need training on edge?</h2>
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<p>Cloud is not trustworthy anymore. More and more facts supports that breach on cloud happens frequently than before.
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Nowadays, with more generated personal sensitive data has been uploaded to the cloud center, tech company know better to someones than user themselves.</p>
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<p>Cloud is not trustworthy anymore. More and more facts support that breach on the cloud happens frequently than before.
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Nowadays, with more generated personal sensitive data has been uploaded to the cloud center, tech companies know better to someones than the user.</p>
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<p>Researchers, no matter in industry on academia, are working in a way that still learning from users’ data but also keeping raw sensitive data under users’ control.
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Many publications already showed feasibility of only sharing after-trained model instead of raw data.
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<p>Researchers, no matter in the industry on academia, are working in a way that still learning from users’ data but also keeping raw sensitive data under users’ control.
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Many publications have already shown the feasibility of only sharing the after-trained model instead of raw data.
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One recent popular study on this is google’s <a href="https://ai.googleblog.com/2017/04/federated-learning-collaborative.html">federated learning</a>.</p>
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<p>During investigated this problem, we found that let end user train their own data is safe, but sacrifice efficiency.
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<p>During investigating this problem, we found that letting end-user train their data is safe, but sacrifice efficiency.
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Since one end device has limited resources, training time and power consumption can be disappointing.
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We believe there must have a leverage between privacy and efficiency in some target scenarios.</p>
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We believe there must have leverage between privacy and efficiency in some target scenarios.</p>
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<p>Fortunately, we observed that users who belongs to the same campus, plant, firm and community always share similar interests.
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<p>Fortunately, we observed that users who belong to the same campus, plant, firm, and community always share similar interests.
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Therefore, these co-located users have similar demands in using AI-involved routines.
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Also, co-located users are easily targeted by same type of threats, such as ransomware to financial practitioners.</p>
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Also, co-located users are easily targeted by the same type of threats, such as ransomware to financial practitioners.</p>
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<p>Think about this, sending features of a new malware app to cloud services in order to train a neural networks used by antivirus program.
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This process may takes long time and small amount of samples may not be recognized by the global neural networks model.
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With a customized local model trained and deployed on the edge can successfully counter the problem.
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With edge training as a supplement of cloud training can achieve better response time and let the whole system more flexible.</p>
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<p>Think about this, sending features of a new malware app to cloud services to train neural networks used by antivirus programs.
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This process may take a long time and a small number of samples may not be recognized by the global neural networks model.
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A customized local model trained and deployed on the edge can successfully counter the problem.
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With edge training as a supplement to the cloud training can achieve better response time and let the whole system more flexible.</p>
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<h2 id="why-training-on-edge-is-hard">Why training on edge is hard?</h2>
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<p>Since all co-located users’ device can be used for an edge training, issues and challenges occur as deploying this distributed system.</p>
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<p>Since all co-located users’ devices can be used for edge training, issues and challenges occur as deploying this distributed system.</p>
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<p>The first challenge is <strong>struggling workers</strong>.
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Training devices are heterogeneity, from limited IoT camera to high-end media center with powerful GPU.
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They are not designed to do machine learnings.
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So, a good edge-based distributed learning framework must can handle variety speeds in training tasks.</p>
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Training devices are heterogeneous, from limited IoT cameras to high-end media centers with powerful GPUs.
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They are not designed to do machine learning.
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So, a good edge-based distributed learning framework must be able to handle a variety of speeds in training tasks.</p>
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<p>The second challenge is how to <strong>scale up</strong> clusters.
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In a campus, thousands and more devices may contribute computing resources to the same training tasks.
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However, these devices may located in far not matter in physical or in network topology.
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How can we well use them well, without struggled with endless transmission time remains a challenge.</p>
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On a campus, thousands and more devices may contribute computing resources to the same training tasks.
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However, these devices may be located far no matter in physical or in network topology.
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The question of how can we well use them well, without struggling with endless transmission time remains a challenge.</p>
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<p>The third issue is frequently <strong>joining and exiting</strong> of devices.
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We can’t rely on each devices to faithfully working on training tasks rather than their original workload.
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We can’t rely on each device to faithfully work on training tasks rather than their original workload.
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Smartly schedule work balance and handle join/exit issues also need under consideration.</p>
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<h2 id="our-proposal">Our proposal</h2>
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@@ -485,29 +485,29 @@ Smartly schedule work balance and handle join/exit issues also need under consid
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<li>
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<p>Dynamic training data distribution and runtime profiler</p>
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<p>We design a dynamic training data distribution mechanism that helps to both the first and the third challenges.
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Preprocessing data can be transmitted without leakage of raw sensitive information.
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This can helps with struggling workers who can train small batches in order to upload parameters with a similar training time.
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Also, for extremely slow devices, join and exit of devices cases, dynamic data distribution and profiler can helps with keep global training parameters from polluted and staleness.</p>
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<p>We design a dynamic training data distribution mechanism that helps both the first and the third challenges.
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Preprocessing data can be transmitted without leakage of raw and sensitive information.
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This can help struggling workers who can train small batches in order to upload parameters with a similar training time.
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Also, for extremely slow devices, join and exit of devices cases, dynamic data distribution and profiler can help with keeping global training parameters from pollution and staleness.</p>
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<p>To counter heterogeneity’s, more approaches were applied in our later research.
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More details were introduced to runtime profiler in the later works.</p>
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<p>To counter heterogeneity, more approaches were applied in our later research.
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More details were introduced to the runtime profiler in the later works.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Asynchronous and synchronous aggregation enabled</p>
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<p>In our findings, asynchronous and synchronous parameter update have their pros and cons.
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Keeping sync all the time leads struggling worker issue unsolvable.
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However, async’s harm to accuracy and convergence time also need attentions.
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To carefully chose between these two update policies at the runtime is what we proposed to make use of their own advantages.</p>
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<p>In our findings, asynchronous and synchronous parameter update have their pros and cons.
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Keeping sync all the time leads to struggling worker issues unsolvable.
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However, async’s harm to accuracy and convergence time also needs attention.
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To carefully choose between these two update policies at the runtime is what we proposed to make use of their own advantages.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Leader role splitting</p>
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<p>The idea is to let worker devices with higher bandwidth taking leader role during training.
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Parameter updating does not require much computation but only need bandwidth.
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<p>The idea is to let worker devices with higher bandwidth take leader-role during training.
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Parameter updating does not require much computation but only needs a great of bandwidth.
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Devices with sufficient bandwidth can also work as virtual leader devices.
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This approach helps with minimize physical devices we used and more leaders can further scale up workers limits.</p>
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This approach helps minimize physical devices we used and more leaders can further scale up workers’ limits.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div><section class="article__sharing d-print-none"></section><div class="d-print-none"><footer class="article__footer"><meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2021-10-13T16:53:20-04:00"><!-- start custom article footer snippet -->
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@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ Smartly schedule work balance and handle join/exit issues also need under consid
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<div class="article__section-navigator clearfix"><div class="previous"><span>PREVIOUS</span><a href="/posts/generate-word-cloud-with-chinese-fenci">Generate Word Cloud Figures with Chinese-Tokenization and WordCloud python libraries</a></div></div></div>
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<div class="article__section-navigator clearfix"><div class="previous"><span>PREVIOUS</span><a href="/posts/generate-word-cloud-with-chinese-fenci">Generate Word Cloud Figures with Chinese-Tokenization and WordCloud python libraries</a></div><div class="next"><span>NEXT</span><a href="/posts/eddl-how-do-we-train-on-limited-edge-devices-part2">EDDL: How do we train neural networks on limited edge devices - PART 2</a></div></div></div>
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</div>
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